committers.top

A list of the most active GitHub users

Most active GitHub users in Rwanda

This is a list of most active GitHub users in Rwanda over the past year. Other countries/regions can be found here. This list was generated at 2025-10-14 04:58:13 +0000 and machine-readable JSON is available for:

This list is generated with this piece of code. The logic is as follows (in pseudocode): 

githubUsers.sort(_.followers)
           .filter(_.location == 'Rwanda') 
           .take(1000)
           .sort(_.contributions)
           .take(256)

This list contains all public contributions for each user. There are 5905 total users in the region and you need at least 9 followers to be on this list.

Badges are also available, which you can include on your profile pages. Simply include the following markdown for users: 

[![committers.top badge](https://user-badge.committers.top/rwanda_public/USERNAME.svg)](https://user-badge.committers.top/rwanda_public/USERNAME)
For organizations, you need to use a slightly different markup: 
[![committers.top badge](https://org-badge.committers.top/rwanda_public/ORGNAME.svg)](https://org-badge.committers.top/rwanda_public/ORGNAME)
In case you aren't currently ranked on this page, you'll simply receive an "unranked" badge.

Rank User Contribs Picture
1. kajugadaniels
(KAJUGA Daniels)		 10315 Avatar for kajugadaniels
2. mbonikev
(Kevin MK)		 9251 Avatar for mbonikev
3. ub-victor
(USHINDI BIHAME Victoire)		 3898 Avatar for ub-victor
4. PATRICKNDIZEYE
(NDIZEYE)		 3649 Avatar for PATRICKNDIZEYE
5. devark28
(Bruce Emmanuel SHIMWA)		 2882 Avatar for devark28
6. richard457
(Muragijimana)		 2453 Avatar for richard457
7. gasanashema
(shema)		 2046 Avatar for gasanashema
8. iAmNsengi
(Eliezer Nsengi)		 1880 Avatar for iAmNsengi
9. MUGISHA-Pascal
(MUGISHA Pascal)		 1860 Avatar for MUGISHA-Pascal
10. didierdrin
(Didier Nsengiyumva)		 1744 Avatar for didierdrin
11. elyse502
(Elysée NIYIBIZI)		 1729 Avatar for elyse502
12. brunorwanda4
(Bruno Rwanda)		 1403 Avatar for brunorwanda4
13. Gasorekibo
(Gasore Mugwaneza)		 1368 Avatar for Gasorekibo
14. Mr-Olivier
(Mr Olivier)		 1343 Avatar for Mr-Olivier
15. nshutifabrice09
(Niyonzima Nshuti Fabrice)		 1248 Avatar for nshutifabrice09
16. coolbeatz71
(Mutombo jean-vincent)		 1197 Avatar for coolbeatz71
17. hirwacedric123
(Cedric Hirwa Cyuzuzo)		 1139 Avatar for hirwacedric123
18. Maxtoshie
(Maxtoshie)		 1122 Avatar for Maxtoshie
19. charite-uwatwembi
(charite UWATWEMBI)		 1114 Avatar for charite-uwatwembi
20. mahingaRodin
(Rodin Mahinga)		 1092 Avatar for mahingaRodin
21. bienvenudev
(Bienvenu Cyuzuzo)		 1086 Avatar for bienvenudev
22. leandre000
(Izere Shema Leandre)		 1064 Avatar for leandre000
23. 1moses1
(Moise Iradukunda Ingabire)		 1049 Avatar for 1moses1
24. PrinceNiyonshuti
(Prince_Np)		 1035 Avatar for PrinceNiyonshuti
25. manzitresor
(Tresor Manzi)		 986 Avatar for manzitresor
26. rubailly
(Bailly Rurangirwa )		 984 Avatar for rubailly
27. aimable0
(Nkurikiyimana Aimable)		 937 Avatar for aimable0
28. musayann
(Yannick Musafiri)		 910 Avatar for musayann
29. jeanaimeiraguha
(IRAGUHA Jean Aime)		 894 Avatar for jeanaimeiraguha
30. Christophe210
(Nshimiyimana Christophe )		 891 Avatar for Christophe210
31. derrick-nuby
(Derrick [Nuby] Iradukunda)		 880 Avatar for derrick-nuby
32. nrprosper
(NISHIMWE RUKUNDO Prosper)		 864 Avatar for nrprosper
33. iyoramu
(IRUTABYOSE Yoramu)		 856 Avatar for iyoramu
34. hubertit
(Hubert IT)		 852 Avatar for hubertit
35. Ronnie5562
(Ronald Abimbola)		 842 Avatar for Ronnie5562
36. albert-byiringiro
(Albert Byiringiro)		 829 Avatar for albert-byiringiro
37. NyLaurent
(Nyumbayire Laurent)		 820 Avatar for NyLaurent
38. unmatched78
(Viella )		 815 Avatar for unmatched78
39. Goal651
( Wilson Goal BUGIRI)		 812 Avatar for Goal651
40. haroldmud
(Arnold Mudosa)		 810 Avatar for haroldmud
41. Abbaslewa
(Abbas Omer)		 795 Avatar for Abbaslewa
42. sergekamanzi
(serge.kmz)		 794 Avatar for sergekamanzi
43. abeltony-prog
(AbelTony)		 789 Avatar for abeltony-prog
44. vixalien
(Angelo Verlain)		 783 Avatar for vixalien
45. nshizirunguwilson
(Wilson Nshizirungu)		 745 Avatar for nshizirunguwilson
46. rimpuhwe
(Raissa Micheline IMPUHWE MANZI)		 734 Avatar for rimpuhwe
47. patiencemanzen
(Manirabona Hirwa Patience)		 732 Avatar for patiencemanzen
48. Jospin6
(Jospin Ndagano)		 699 Avatar for Jospin6
49. RUYANGA
(Merci RUYANGA)		 683 Avatar for RUYANGA
50. serapieTuyishime
(TUYISHIME Serapie)		 677 Avatar for serapieTuyishime
51. manziosee
(manzi osee)		 669 Avatar for manziosee
52. ndizeyedavid
(David Ndizeye)		 661 Avatar for ndizeyedavid
53. Kevin-gram
(Kevin_Nyiringango)		 657 Avatar for Kevin-gram
54. NdekoCode
(Arick Bulakali)		 657 Avatar for NdekoCode
55. eadewusic
(EUNICE ADEWUSI (CLIMIRADI))		 649 Avatar for eadewusic
56. uwinezaflorence20
(Florence Uwineza)		 649 Avatar for uwinezaflorence20
57. utujesandrine456
(UWASE UTUJE Sandrine)		 640 Avatar for utujesandrine456
58. tuyishimejohnson
(Johnson Noe Tuyishime)		 633 Avatar for tuyishimejohnson
59. mumugisha
(Alphonse Mugisha)		 632 Avatar for mumugisha
60. Igiraneza1
(Adeline IGIRANEZA)		 631 Avatar for Igiraneza1
61. AimeKelvin
(Shimwa Aime Kelvin)		 618 Avatar for AimeKelvin
62. pimanzi
(Placide Imanzi )		 617 Avatar for pimanzi
63. hrmuwanika
(Henry Robert Muwanika)		 614 Avatar for hrmuwanika
64. Byiringiro-saad
(Byiringiro Saad)		 605 Avatar for Byiringiro-saad
65. codeWithEdison
(Edison UWIHANGANYE)		 602 Avatar for codeWithEdison
66. gisachris
(gisa chris)		 601 Avatar for gisachris
67. masterchief-00
(Pacifique Kwizera)		 599 Avatar for masterchief-00
68. karekezifiston
(Fiston)		 585 Avatar for karekezifiston
69. Mubaraklouis
(Mubarak Louis)		 584 Avatar for Mubaraklouis
70. MohamedAYasin
(Mohamed Ahmed Yasin)		 570 Avatar for MohamedAYasin
71. kkipngenokoech
(kkipngenokoech)		 558 Avatar for kkipngenokoech
72. MugishaProsper
(Polo)		 557 Avatar for MugishaProsper
73. helen751
(Helen Ugoeze Okereke)		 557 Avatar for helen751
74. igorntwari
(igor ntwali)		 557 Avatar for igorntwari
75. Gisele-123
(Gisele)		 556 Avatar for Gisele-123
76. ihirwepatrick
()		 543 Avatar for ihirwepatrick
77. NSENGIYUMVA-Christian
(NSENGIYUMVA CHRISTIAN)		 529 Avatar for NSENGIYUMVA-Christian
78. EzechielKiregha
(Kiregha Corporation )		 524 Avatar for EzechielKiregha
79. KevinRebakure
(Kevin Rebakure)		 519 Avatar for KevinRebakure
80. thepreakerebi
(Elvis Preye Kerebi)		 516 Avatar for thepreakerebi
81. iris-credot
(Iris Credot TETA)		 516 Avatar for iris-credot
82. DUSHIME1212
(Don Aime)		 516 Avatar for DUSHIME1212
83. Umwizer
(Umwizerwa)		 511 Avatar for Umwizer
84. acele-happy
(Acele Happy)		 508 Avatar for acele-happy
85. KWIZERA-CALEB
()		 507 Avatar for KWIZERA-CALEB
86. rugema3
(alex Rugema)		 504 Avatar for rugema3
87. niyobertin
(Niyonkuru Bertin)		 502 Avatar for niyobertin
88. DevRamona
(Ramona Ingabire)		 501 Avatar for DevRamona
89. hirwajeaneric
(HIRWA Jean Eric)		 482 Avatar for hirwajeaneric
90. aimee-annabelle
(Annabelle Ineza)		 478 Avatar for aimee-annabelle
91. BenDev202
(Rukizangabo Armand Benjamin)		 472 Avatar for BenDev202
92. Uwihanganyeobed
(Mayor vargas)		 469 Avatar for Uwihanganyeobed
93. kareraolivier
(kareraolivier)		 467 Avatar for kareraolivier
94. ISONIC0788
(ITUZE Agacyo Ebed Meleck)		 463 Avatar for ISONIC0788
95. eobolo
(OBOLO EMMANUEL OLUWAPELUMI)		 461 Avatar for eobolo
96. Jomagene
(MAGENE Sem Joel)		 460 Avatar for Jomagene
97. Christianib003
(Christian Iradukunda Byiringiro)		 453 Avatar for Christianib003
98. Odile078
(Odile Uwimpuhwe)		 447 Avatar for Odile078
99. IGIRANEZAJosue
(Josue Igiraneza)		 443 Avatar for IGIRANEZAJosue
100. Joshua-Coded
(CodeNinja)		 442 Avatar for Joshua-Coded
101. OgayoTK1
(Ogayo Andrew)		 442 Avatar for OgayoTK1
102. Nziza-Prince
(Nziza-Prince)		 438 Avatar for Nziza-Prince
103. sir-george2500
(George S Mulbah II 🦀)		 435 Avatar for sir-george2500
104. Justice00000
(Justice Chukwuonye)		 431 Avatar for Justice00000
105. Calebgisa72
(Gisa Mugisha Caleb Pacifique)		 430 Avatar for Calebgisa72
106. gloriaumutoni
(Gloria Umutoni)		 428 Avatar for gloriaumutoni
107. Mchiir
(Mchrispin)		 426 Avatar for Mchiir
108. Yann-J
(Yann Jouanique)		 423 Avatar for Yann-J
109. gilbmura
(Gilbert Muramirabagabo)		 422 Avatar for gilbmura
110. kayc0des
(Kingsley B. Boafo)		 420 Avatar for kayc0des
111. IshKevin
(Kevin)		 416 Avatar for IshKevin
112. aine1100
(dushimire aine)		 415 Avatar for aine1100
113. Charmant27
(Charmant Gatera)		 406 Avatar for Charmant27
114. Kingcedru
(Cedrick Byishimo)		 406 Avatar for Kingcedru
115. NNesta
(Nestor Ngabonziza)		 403 Avatar for NNesta
116. Preacher-Y
(Preacher Y)		 403 Avatar for Preacher-Y
117. regis-mugisha
(Regis Mugisha)		 401 Avatar for regis-mugisha
118. Kaghenimbale
(Kagheni mbale Christian)		 396 Avatar for Kaghenimbale
119. r-yvan
(r yvan)		 394 Avatar for r-yvan
120. divinecharlotte
(Divine Charlotte)		 394 Avatar for divinecharlotte
121. uwenayoallain
(Alain Pacifique UWENAYO)		 393 Avatar for uwenayoallain
122. Goodluck-dc14
(Goodluck)		 391 Avatar for Goodluck-dc14
123. FabCode67
(MWANAFUNZI Fabrice)		 391 Avatar for FabCode67
124. Ndaziramiyep
(Patrick)		 390 Avatar for Ndaziramiyep
125. Ruran8wa
(Prince Rurangwa)		 389 Avatar for Ruran8wa
126. munyanezaarmel
(Munyaneza Armel)		 386 Avatar for munyanezaarmel
127. Paulin-NIYOBYOSE
(Paulin )		 386 Avatar for Paulin-NIYOBYOSE
128. Ialbertine
(Albertine INGABIRE)		 383 Avatar for Ialbertine
129. jefftrojan
(Trojan0x)		 383 Avatar for jefftrojan
130. peninah98
(Penine Ngizwenayo )		 382 Avatar for peninah98
131. Cedric921
(Lord VB | Evernix)		 381 Avatar for Cedric921
132. Rukundo-Bahati
(Bahati)		 374 Avatar for Rukundo-Bahati
133. muhozajohn
(Muhoza John)		 371 Avatar for muhozajohn
134. Muhodari
(Muhodari Sage)		 367 Avatar for Muhodari
135. htmcharles
(HATUMA Charles)		 366 Avatar for htmcharles
136. Beccatoni
(Rebecca Mutoni)		 364 Avatar for Beccatoni
137. Kylapurity
(Purity Kihiu)		 361 Avatar for Kylapurity
138. sntakirutimana72
(Steven Ntakirutimana)		 360 Avatar for sntakirutimana72
139. Favor-star
(Eliab Favor IRANKOMEJE)		 360 Avatar for Favor-star
140. Isaac-1-lang
(NIYOBYOSE Isaac Precieux)		 356 Avatar for Isaac-1-lang
141. Oliviier-dev
(Olivier BYIRINGIRO)		 354 Avatar for Oliviier-dev
142. GloireMutaliko21
(Gloire Mutaliko (Salva))		 354 Avatar for GloireMutaliko21
143. cedrotech1
(Cedrick)		 353 Avatar for cedrotech1
144. TammyBriggs
(Tamunotonye Briggs)		 352 Avatar for TammyBriggs
145. GajuQueen
(Gaju Queen)		 352 Avatar for GajuQueen
146. KOlivier2119
(KWIZERA Olivier)		 350 Avatar for KOlivier2119
147. shemaikuzwe
(Ikuzwe shema Elie)		 348 Avatar for shemaikuzwe
148. brunoblaise
(Mudacumura Brunoblaise)		 347 Avatar for brunoblaise
149. Mucyo-Ivan
(MUCYO Ivan)		 345 Avatar for Mucyo-Ivan
150. AudryAshleenChivanga
(Ashleen Chivanga)		 341 Avatar for AudryAshleenChivanga
151. SammyGbabs
(Samuel Babalola)		 341 Avatar for SammyGbabs
152. songa1
(Cishahayo Songa Achille)		 340 Avatar for songa1
153. gsngdavid
(David Gusenga)		 336 Avatar for gsngdavid
154. Byukusenge-Andrew
(andre byukusenge)		 335 Avatar for Byukusenge-Andrew
155. AdelineA
(Adeline Ayinkamiye)		 333 Avatar for AdelineA
156. gigwegbe
(George Igwegbe)		 331 Avatar for gigwegbe
157. AlainKwishima
(Alain Kwishima)		 326 Avatar for AlainKwishima
158. byiringiroaimefils
(BYIRINGIRO Aime Fils)		 325 Avatar for byiringiroaimefils
159. SundayOlubode
(Sam Olubode)		 324 Avatar for SundayOlubode
160. Jessekay
(Jesse Kayigire)		 321 Avatar for Jessekay
161. Duncanwar
(Duncanwar)		 320 Avatar for Duncanwar
162. l-isaro
(Leslie Isaro)		 319 Avatar for l-isaro
163. Chidera0001
(chidera Anele)		 317 Avatar for Chidera0001
164. Ireme-Nyawe
()		 312 Avatar for Ireme-Nyawe
165. glenmiracle18
(Glen Miracle)		 310 Avatar for glenmiracle18
166. Aurumdev952
(Benjamin)		 309 Avatar for Aurumdev952
167. Nkurunzizagashati
(Fabrice NKURUNZIZA)		 307 Avatar for Nkurunzizagashati
168. Deborah-Kamikazi
(Deborah Kamikazi)		 307 Avatar for Deborah-Kamikazi
169. Prime-Cave
(Tomisin Akinfemiwa)		 306 Avatar for Prime-Cave
170. wakaflorien
(Florien Niyongabo)		 303 Avatar for wakaflorien
171. irumvanselme
(Anselme Irumva)		 303 Avatar for irumvanselme
172. Al04ni
(Albert NIYONSENGA)		 303 Avatar for Al04ni
173. kazaneza
(Kazaneza Gentil)		 302 Avatar for kazaneza
174. Ardinenukuri
(Ardine)		 301 Avatar for Ardinenukuri
175. cielo-b
(D Regis)		 300 Avatar for cielo-b
176. KIRENGA-Remy
(GITOLI Remy Claudien)		 299 Avatar for KIRENGA-Remy
177. nishimweprince
(Nishimwe Prince)		 299 Avatar for nishimweprince
178. Isaiah-Essien
(Isaiah Essien(ub bobo))		 296 Avatar for Isaiah-Essien
179. mugishaisaie
(Mugisha Isaie)		 293 Avatar for mugishaisaie
180. Ndahiroloicke
(Ndahiroloicke)		 289 Avatar for Ndahiroloicke
181. shyakachaste
(Shyaka Chaste)		 288 Avatar for shyakachaste
182. Emmanuel-Melon
(Emmanuel Gatwech )		 287 Avatar for Emmanuel-Melon
183. annick975
(NIYUBAHWE Annick)		 287 Avatar for annick975
184. progFilthi
(Emmanuel Francis)		 285 Avatar for progFilthi
185. nellybutera
(Teta Butera Nelly)		 284 Avatar for nellybutera
186. Y-elv
(Elvis MUGISHA)		 280 Avatar for Y-elv
187. Dau2004
(Chol Daniel Deng Dau)		 280 Avatar for Dau2004
188. itbienvenu
(MWIMULE BIENVENU)		 276 Avatar for itbienvenu
189. A2kmoise
(A-moise)		 275 Avatar for A2kmoise
190. bvenceslas
(Venceslas Burongu)		 274 Avatar for bvenceslas
191. dushimsam
(Samuel Dushimimana)		 274 Avatar for dushimsam
192. Angekarara
(Ange Karara Mbabazi)		 273 Avatar for Angekarara
193. Angelosewase
(Sewase Angel)		 270 Avatar for Angelosewase
194. ChristianIsingizwe
(CHRISTIAN)		 269 Avatar for ChristianIsingizwe
195. igorihimbazwe
(Igor IHIMBAZWE)		 268 Avatar for igorihimbazwe
196. SHYAKA-Aime
(Aime Brues)		 266 Avatar for SHYAKA-Aime
197. niyongaboemmy
(Niyongabo Emmanuel)		 265 Avatar for niyongaboemmy
198. honorine22
(Honorine)		 264 Avatar for honorine22
199. Nkaka23dev
(ericnkaka)		 264 Avatar for Nkaka23dev
200. kirengamartial
(Kirenga Martial)		 263 Avatar for kirengamartial
201. robsdagreat
(@Robs_dagreat)		 263 Avatar for robsdagreat
202. BreyeFoka
(Breye Foka Lagloire)		 262 Avatar for BreyeFoka
203. ByiringiroUrban
(Byiringiro Urban)		 259 Avatar for ByiringiroUrban
204. SaddockAime
(Saddock Kabandana)		 259 Avatar for SaddockAime
205. Rugwiroparfait
(NSANZIMANA RUGWIRO Dominique Parfait)		 258 Avatar for Rugwiroparfait
206. GasanaJr
(Didas Junior GASANA)		 256 Avatar for GasanaJr
207. niyontwali
(John Niyontwali)		 253 Avatar for niyontwali
208. edine-noella
(Edine Noella Mugisha)		 250 Avatar for edine-noella
209. reponseashimwe
(Reponse Ashimwe)		 249 Avatar for reponseashimwe
210. fabmukunzi
(Fabrice Mukunzi)		 249 Avatar for fabmukunzi
211. rodriguecyber
(Rwigara Rodrigue)		 247 Avatar for rodriguecyber
212. Eddy-xzax
(Kiyingi Edrine )		 246 Avatar for Eddy-xzax
213. davyleroy
(Davy Mbuto NKURUNZIZA)		 245 Avatar for davyleroy
214. Abi-Seth
(Abi-Seth)		 244 Avatar for Abi-Seth
215. hrh2
(Hirwa Rukundo Hope)		 243 Avatar for hrh2
216. BertinKimberly
(Bertin Iradukunda)		 243 Avatar for BertinKimberly
217. Ange290
(Ange Uwizera)		 243 Avatar for Ange290
218. Fidesnoella
(Fides Noella Iragena)		 242 Avatar for Fidesnoella
219. iraduyves
(YVES)		 242 Avatar for iraduyves
220. Chartine02
(Noella Marie Chartine Uwase)		 240 Avatar for Chartine02
221. ajokkuechajokdeng
(Ajok Kuech Ajok Deng)		 239 Avatar for ajokkuechajokdeng
222. faid-terence
(Terence Faid JABO )		 238 Avatar for faid-terence
223. nsanzumuhire
(Daniel Nsanzumuhire (Flex))		 238 Avatar for nsanzumuhire
224. Mathias-Kabango3
(Mathias Kabango)		 236 Avatar for Mathias-Kabango3
225. tox-in
(tony herve)		 236 Avatar for tox-in
226. DavidkingMazimpaka
(David_King Mazimpaka)		 235 Avatar for DavidkingMazimpaka
227. cal250
(jean calvin )		 234 Avatar for cal250
228. ucynthia13
(Cynthia Umwali)		 232 Avatar for ucynthia13
229. GarrixA
(Aphrodis Uwineza)		 232 Avatar for GarrixA
230. k3lly003
(Ntiru Brice)		 227 Avatar for k3lly003
231. sabinn12
(Irakiza Sabin)		 224 Avatar for sabinn12
232. irfiacre
(IRADUKUNDA Allelua Fiacre)		 224 Avatar for irfiacre
233. ashrafutuyubahe
(Ashrafu )		 224 Avatar for ashrafutuyubahe
234. mercihabam
(Merci Jacob)		 223 Avatar for mercihabam
235. Brackleycassinga
(Brackley cassinga)		 221 Avatar for Brackleycassinga
236. dripton-art
(ivan)		 220 Avatar for dripton-art
237. emjjkk
(Emmanuel Alabi)		 219 Avatar for emjjkk
238. ElieRu
(RUHAMYA Elie)		 218 Avatar for ElieRu
239. RolandM99
(Roland MN)		 215 Avatar for RolandM99
240. NiyomugaboFidel
(fidele)		 215 Avatar for NiyomugaboFidel
241. Nsoro-Allan
(Nsoro Allan)		 214 Avatar for Nsoro-Allan
242. claranceliberi
(Clarance Liberiste Ntwari)		 212 Avatar for claranceliberi
243. danjor667
(Jordan S. L. Nguepi )		 212 Avatar for danjor667
244. francksefu
(Franck sefu)		 210 Avatar for francksefu
245. Diibro
(Dushime Brother)		 210 Avatar for Diibro
246. belladev250
( Bella Melissa)		 209 Avatar for belladev250
247. fab-ryan
(NDACYAYISENGA Fabrice)		 209 Avatar for fab-ryan
248. jacques-twizeyimana
(Jacques Twizeyimana)		 208 Avatar for jacques-twizeyimana
249. El-Gibbor
(Chiagoziem Eke)		 207 Avatar for El-Gibbor
250. iranziprince01
(Prince Iranzi)		 207 Avatar for iranziprince01
251. christian783
(Christian_t)		 206 Avatar for christian783
252. heritierbagumire
(Heritier)		 205 Avatar for heritierbagumire
253. istafrica-dennw
(Denis Niwemugisha)		 202 Avatar for istafrica-dennw
254. u-leslie
(Reii✨)		 201 Avatar for u-leslie
255. iradukunda12
(IRADUKUNDA Kevin)		 199 Avatar for iradukunda12
256. victkarangwa
(Victor KARANGWA)		 199 Avatar for victkarangwa

Organizations

Rank Organization Members
1. atlp-rwanda 7
2. etrainermis 5
3. i-a-nextgen 3
4. binaryhubrw 3
5. hackclub 3
6. hisprwanda 2
7. etix-enterprise 2
8. gms-codebase 2
9. eddiehubcommunity 2
10. digital-specification-estimation 2